How to critically read and present scientific literature

1. Read the abstract first, then read the introduction

a. What is the purpose of the study?

b. Are there key references that should be read?

2. Read the results

a. This is the most important part of the paper and is supposed to be objectively written

b. Go over each of the figures carefully and provide detailed, critical analyses of each figure

c. DO NOT ACCEPT WHAT IS WRITTEN/PRESENTED, ALWAYS, ALWAYS QUESTION THE DATA!

3. Read the discussion

a. What message is the author trying to sell?

b. Are the interpretations/conclusions supported by the results?

c. Are there alternative explanations/interpretations?

4. Read the methods

a. Are there weaknesses in the methodology that potentially affect the interpretation of the results?

b. Was the design sound?

c. Was the methodology sound?

d. Were the statistical analyses performed properly?

5. Keep good notes and organize the notes for easy future referencing

How to Read a Scientific Paper

a very useful article from John W. Little and Roy Parker--University of Arizona on how to read a scientific paper.

1.Organization of the paper

2. Reading the paper

a. read title and abstract first. Look up textbook or review paper if necessary; try to integrate the new information into previous knowledge on the topic;

b. then go to introduction (skip it if you are familiar with the topic) and result&discussion.

3. Difficulties in reading

4. Evaluating the paper
a. what question does the paper addressed?
Descriptive research often takes place in the early stages of our understanding of a system.
Comparative research often takes place when we are asking how general a finding is.
Analytical research generally takes place when we know enough to begin formulating hypotheses about how a system works, about how the parts are interconnected, and what the causal connections are.
What are these questions?
Usually in Introduction. Additional question will be answered in result&discussion

b. What are the main conclusions of the paper?(in Abstract)

c. What evidence supports those conclusions?(in Result)

d. Do the data actually support the conclusions?(whether the authors take multiple approaches to answering a question.)

e. What is the quality of that evidence?(critiacl thinking)
First, you need to understand thoroughly the methods used in the experiments.You have to make the extra effort to inform yourself about the basic methodology before you can evaluate the data.Sometimes you have to trace back the details of the methods if they are important.

Second, you need to know the limitations of the methodology. Every method has limitations, and if the experiments are not done correctly they can't be interpreted.

Third, importantly, you need to distinguish between what the data show and what the authors say they show.

Fourth, it is often helpful to look at the original journal, or its electronic counterpart, instead of a photocopy.

Fifth, you should ask if the proper controls are present.

f. Why are the conclusions important?
Do the conclusions make a significant advance in our knowledge? Do they lead to new insights, or even new research directions?

Kerplunk

Title : Chemistry for Every Kid : 101 Easy Experiments That Really Work Janice VanCleave Science for Every Kid Series

Author : VanCleave, Janice Pratt.

Publisher : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (US)

Language : English

Publication date : 1989

Today, i came across such a fun and interesting book on Amazon, then download it from other source .

I decide to post one experiment per day and add some ideas of my own, preparing for my "kid chemists" dream.

Kerplunk!

Purpose

To demonstrate inertia, a property of matter.

Matter can be defined as anything that takes up space and has inertia.

Inertia is a resistance to a change in motion or rest.

Materials

index card
nickel
drinking glass

Procedure

▪ Lay the index card over the mouth of the glass.

▪ Place the coin on top of the card. Its position is to be centered over the mouth of the glass.

▪ Snap the card with your finger.

Results

The card quickly moves forward and the coin drops into the glass.

Why?

The stationary card and coin are said to be at rest. They remain motionless because of their inertia. Inertia is the tendency of a material not to change its motion or state of rest. When the card is snapped, it slips under the stationary coin. Gravity pulls the coin down into the glass.

My ideas:

1 use round beam instead of the nickel. (kids might think the stillness has something to do with the shape )

2 use sandpaper instead of the index card (different result caused by different friction force of the surface)

3 daily phenomenon about inertia (What happened if the bus suddenly brakes? We move out totally or partially? why?)
Finally, it's really a physical experiment :)

20100727

1 check out the data needed for structuring test and ask Klaus for help. Finish this part in poster
2 Reply Ulf;
3 Read artical and analysis the structure;(2, and start to write)
4 MO theory study;
5 Critical thinking;
6 Grey's atonamy

creativity

weekly discussion

The weekly discussion was held this morning. What a lesson I have learnt!
1 The experiment record must be clear and completely specific. Think about more about every step and ask yourself why.
2 Prepare as much as possible before discussion.
3 Don’t accept any help from others. It’s your own business. Your next action should be taken with good reasons.
4 You must have your own idea when advisor give you suggestion.

European Symposium of Photopolymer Science

I am so exited when got an email about the "European Symposium of Photopolymer Science", which will be held in Mulhouse, France on 2010, November 28th - December 1st. So many famous experts in photopolymer will be invited as speakers. Work hard to get ready for such nice festivel in photopolymer!!!

An Irishman’s Philosophy

Today in the lab, a very interesting postcard named "An Irishman’s Philosophy " was found on the board. What a pity that the image could not be shared without the connector between computer in the lab and DC. Never mind! Just enjoy the content.

An Irishman’s Philosophy
There are two things to worry about
Either you are well or you are sick.
If you are well,
Then there’s nothing to worry about.
But if you are sick,
There are two things to worry about,
Either you will get well or you will die.
If you get well,
There is nothing to worry about.
If you die,
There are only two things to worry about,
Either you will go to heaven or hell.
If you go to heaven there is nothing to worry about.
But if you go to hell,
You’ll be so damn busy shaking hands with friends,
You won’t have time to worry!

In a word, there's nothing to worry about! Enjoy your life every day!!

Twitter in Plain English - 74 Translation(s) | dotSUB

Chemistry & Technology of UV & EB formulation for Coating, Inks and Paints

Chemistry & Technology of UV & EB formulation for Coating, Inks and Paints
Volume III Photoinitiators for free radical and cationic polymerization
By K. Dietliker

Chapter I Introduction
Contents
I Introduction
II Absorption - the primary process
1. principles of absorption
2. electronic structures
i. electronic transitions
ii. electron spins
III Secondary process
1. unimolecular reactions
i. direct fragmentation
a) Norrish type I reaction
b) Norrish type II reaction
2. Bimolecular reactions
i. Complex formation
a) Electron – donor acceptor complexes
b) Aggregation complexes
c) Intramolecular interactions
d) Dipole – dipole interactions
e) Charge transfer interactions
ii. Hydrogen abstraction
3. Combination of type I and type II free radical photoinitiators
4. Hybrid curing
IV Solvent cage
V Cationic photoinitiation and radical photoinitiation
VI Overview of volume III
VII Reference

Chapter II Free radical polymerization
I Introduction
II Principles of photoinduced radical polymerization
1. System undergoing photocrosslinking
2. Photopolymerisable formulations
III Photoinitiators
1. Type I photoinitiators
i. Photoinduced a-cleavage
2. Type II photoinitiators
i. Hydrogen abstraction
ii. Photoinduced electron transfer process
V Selection of a photoinitiator
1. Abstraction characteristics
i. Clear coationg
ii. Pigments formulations
iii. Fillers and stabilizers
2. Photoinitiator efficiency
3. Yellowing
4. Photoinitiator concentration
i. Cost of a formulation
ii. Influence on the uncured formulation
iii. Curing properties
iv. Influence on the Properties of the cured coating
5. Selection Chart
6. Photoinitiators for special applications
i. Photoinitiators for silicon-based formulations
ii. Photoinitiators for Water-borne systems
VI Unimolecular UV-photoinitiator systems (Type I photoinitiators)
1. Photoinitiators undergoing a-cleavage
i. Benzoin derivatives
a) Photochemistry
b) Initiation of polymerization
c) Stability and yellowing
d) Benzoin derivatives containing polysiloxane residues
ii. Methylolbenzoin and 4-Benzoyl-1.3-dioxolane derivatives
iii. Benzilketals
a) Photochemistry
b) Initiation of polymerization
c) Yellowing
d) Benzilketals substituted by Polysiloxane residues
iv. a,a-dialkoxyacetophenones
a) Photochemistry
b) a,a-dialkoxyacetophenones derivatives containing Polysiloxane residues
v. a-Hydroxy alkylphenones
a) Photochemistry
b) Initiation of polymerization
c) Influences of substituents
d) Yellowing
e) Stability
f) a-Hydroxy alkylphenones bearing polysiloxane substituents
g) 1-Hydroxycyclohexylphenylketone/Benzophenone Blends
vi. a-Aminoalkylphenones
a) Absorption characteristics
b) Photochemistry
c) Sensitization of a-Aminoalkylphenone derivatives
d) Initiation of polymerization
e) Influences of substituents
f) Yellowing
vii. Acylphosphine oxides
a) Absorption characteristic
b) Photochemistry
c) Initiation of polymerization
d) Stability
e) Acylphosphines and acylphosphine sulphides
2. Other unimolecular photoinitiators
i. O-acyl-a-oximinoketones
a) Photochemistry
ii. Peroxy compounds
iii. Halogenated acetophenone derivatives
iv. Phenylglyoxylates
v. Miscellaneous Fragmenting Photointiators
VII Bimolecular UV photoinitiators
1. Aromatic ketone/coinitiator systems
i. Benzophenone/Amines
ii. Michler’s Ketone/Benzophenone
iii. Thioxanthone/Amines
iv. Miscellaneous aromatic ketones
2. Transition metal complexes/polyhalogen systems
i. Ferrocene/Polyhalogen system
ii. Transition metal carbonyl/polyhalogen system
VIII Macromolecular UV photoinitiators
1. Polymer-bound unimolecular photoinitiators
i. Polymer-bound a-cleavage photoinitiators
ii. Polysilanes
iii. Other polymer-bound fragmentation photoinitiators
2. Polymer-bound bimolecular photoinitiators
i. Polymer-bound Benzophenone derivatives
ii. Polymer-bound thioxanthone derivatives
3. Copolymerisable photoinitiaotors
IX Visible photoinitiators
1. Titanocene photoinitiators
i. Absorption characteristics and photosensitivity
ii. Photochemistry
iii. Initiation of polymerization
iv. Stability
2. Dye/coinitiator systems
i. Photoreducible Dyes
ii. Coinitiators
a) Amine coinitiators
b) Arylsulphinates
c) Enolates
d) Miscellaneous coinitiators
iii. Dye/monomer initiating systems
3. Dye-group 4A organometallic coinitiator systems
4. Dye/Borate salt coinitiator systems
i. Absorption characteristics
ii. Coinitiators
iii. Mechanism of initiation
5. Dye/trichloromethyl-s-triazine coinitiator systems
6. Dye/bisimidazole systems
7. Dye/peroxides or a,a-azo-bis(isobutyromitrile) systems
8. 1,2-diketone/coinitiator systems
9. Ketocoumarine/coinitiator systems
10. Water soluble dibenzylidene ketones/cointiator system
X Conclusions
XI Commercial sources of free radical photoinitiators
XII Acknowledgement
XIII References
XIV Appendix

Chapter III Photoinitiators for cationic polymerization
I Introduction
II Photoinduced cationic polymerization
1 Characteristics of light-induced cationic polymerization
2 The role of cationic photoinitiator
(i) Direct excitation of the photoinitiator
(ii) Indirect excitation of the photoinitiator
a) Classic energy transfer
b) Sensitization via exciplex
(iii) Initiation of polymerization
III Application of cationic photoinitiators
1 cationic polymerization of epoxides
2 cationic polymerization of vinyl compounds
3 high energy ray induced cationic polymerization
4 photoinitiated acid catalyzed polymerization
5 photoinitiated acid catalyzed polymerization reactions
6 photolithography
(i) Negative working photoresists
(ii) Positive working photoresists
IV Characteristics of cationic photoinitiators
V Onium salt photoinitiators
1 Dizonium salts
2 Halonium salts
(i) Diaryliodonium salts
(a) Synthesis
(b) Substituent influences on diaryliodonium salts
(c) Influence of the counterion
(d) Photochemistry of diaryliodonium salts – direct irradiation
(e) Photochemistry of diaryliodonium salts – sensitized decomposition
(f) Photoredox induced decomposition of iodonium salts
(ii) Polymer-bound iodonium salts
(iii) Other diarylhalonium salts
3 Sulphonium salts
(i) Triarylsulphonium salts
(a) Synthesisi
(b) Substituent influences on triarylsulphonium salts
(c) Influence of the counterion
(d) Photochemistry of triarylsulphonium salts – direct irradiation
(e) Photochemistry of triarylsulphonium salts – sensitized decomposition
(f) Photoredox induced decomposition of sulphonium salts
(ii) Polymer bound triarylsulphonium salts
4 Triarylselenonium salts
5 Sulphoxonium salts
6 Onium salts which undergo reversible photodissociation
(i) Dialkyl-4-hydroxyphenylsulphonium salts
(ii) Dialkylphenacylsulphonium salts
(iii) Dialkylacylsulphoxonium salts
7 Miscellaneous onium salts photoinitiators
VI Organometallic photoinitiators
1 Iron arene complexes
(i) Synthesis of iron arene complexes
(ii) Spectral sensitivity
(iii) Photochemistry of iron arene complexes
(iv) Application of iron arene photoinitiators
2 Miscellaneous organometallic photoinitiators
VII Metal salts as cationic photoinitiators
VIII Photodecomposable organosilanes
1 o-nitrobenzyl triarylsilyl ethers
2 Triarylsilyl peroxides
3 Acylsilanes
IX Latent sulphonic acids
1 a-sulphonyloxy ketones
2 a-hydroxymethylbenzoin sulphonates
3 Nitrobenzyl esters
4 Aryl diazidonaphthaquinone-4-sulphonates
5 a-sulphonyl acetophenones
6 Other latent sulphonic acids
X Miscellaneous acid generating compounds
1 Halomethyl-s-triazines
2 Chlorinated acetophenones
XI Commercially available cationic photoinitiators
XII Conclusions
XIII Acknowledgement
XIV References
XIV Appenix